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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a structured, time-limited psychological therapy that helps people understand how their thoughts, behaviours, and physical responses interact to maintain emotional distress. It focuses on present-day difficulties and aims to develop practical skills that can be used beyond therapy.

Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) is a time-limited, relationally focused integrative psychological therapy that draws on cognitive psychology, psychoanalytic object relations theory, and activity theory (Vygotskian developmental psychology). Developed by Anthony Ryle in the 1980s, CAT helps people understand and change longstanding patterns of thinking, feeling, and relating that cause ongoing distress. It places particular emphasis on understanding how early relational experiences shape current patterns, and uses unique collaborative tools — including reformulation letters and diagrams — to make these patterns visible and open to change.

Behavioural Activation is a structured psychological therapy that focuses on increasing engagement in meaningful activities to improve mood. It is grounded in behavioural models of depression and emphasises action before motivation — the principle that waiting to feel better before doing things keeps people stuck.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT, pronounced as a single word) is a behavioural therapy that helps people develop psychological flexibility — the ability to be present with difficult thoughts and feelings without being controlled by them, while moving toward what matters most. Rather than trying to eliminate distressing internal experiences, ACT changes the relationship people have with them.

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy is a comprehensive, evidence-based psychological therapy originally developed by Marsha Linehan for people with severe emotional dysregulation and chronic suicidality, particularly borderline personality disorder (BPD). It combines behavioural change strategies with acceptance-based approaches drawn from Zen mindfulness practice. DBT is structured as a programme rather than a standalone individual therapy.

Schema Therapy is an integrative psychological therapy developed by Jeffrey Young for people with long-standing emotional and relational difficulties that have not responded to standard CBT. It combines cognitive, behavioural, attachment, and experiential approaches to address deeply ingrained patterns known as Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS).